UK plans new laws to tackle undersea cable sabotage
As geopolitical tensions mount beneath the waves, the UK is racing to future-proof its defence laws against unseen threats lurking in the deep.
The UK government’s evolving defence and security policies aim to close legal gaps exposed by modern threats such as cyberattacks and sabotage of undersea cables. As set out in the recent Strategic Defence Review, ministers plan to introduce a new defence readiness bill to better protect critical subsea infrastructure and prepare for hostile acts that fall outside traditional definitions of war.
The government is also considering revising the outdated Submarine Telegraph Act of 1885, whose penalties, last raised in 1982 to £1,000, are now recognised as inadequate. Instead of merely increasing fines, officials from the Ministry of Defence and the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology intend to draft comprehensive legislation that balances civil and military needs, clarifies how to prosecute sabotage, and updates the UK’s approach to national defence in the digital age.
These policy initiatives reflect growing concern about ‘grey zone’ threats—deliberate acts of sabotage or cyber aggression that stop short of open conflict yet pose serious national security risks. Recent suspected sabotage incidents, including damage to subsea cables connecting Sweden, Latvia, Finland, and Estonia, have highlighted how vulnerable undersea infrastructure remains.
Investigations have linked several of these operations to Russian and Chinese interests, emphasising the urgency of modernising UK law. By updating its legislative framework, the UK government aims to ensure it can respond effectively to attacks that blur the line between peace and conflict, safeguarding both national interests and critical international data flows.
